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Typically, customers pay massage fees at massage parlor premises and enter into a massage room and negotiate sexual services.
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Commercial sex venues at massage parlors in the USA are distinguished by the service providers (mostly Asian immigrant women from South Korea, China, Vietnam, Thailand, and other Asian countries) and service delivery systems which are based on private negotiations between Asian masseuses and customers to exchange money for sexual services. Prostitution is illegal in San Francisco and other large cities in the USA however, male customers are able to negotiate with female sex workers (FSWs)/masseuses for sexual services at massage parlors. Also, customers' and masseuses' perceptions toward relationships at massage parlors and power dynamics need further investigation to promote safe work environments and 100% condom use at massage parlors. Culturally appropriate HIV/STI prevention programs (e.g., communication about and practicing 100% condom use) are needed to target both customers and Asian masseuses at multiple levels (individual, owner/manager, work environment, and community levels). Some customers sought emotional attachment with Asian masseuses and expressed stereotypical views toward them as being docile and submissive. Customers perceived massage parlors as being a safe place compared with street sex venues. Their sexual behaviors with Asian masseuses were influenced by perceptions about vulnerability toward HIV/STIs, substance use behaviors, and masseuses' initiation of condom use, which was often governed by unspoken rules at parlors. A pervasive view among patrons was that they could engage in sex with masseuses without using a condom if they offered extra money. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.īased on focus groups for male customers who frequented Asian massage parlors in San Francisco, the present study described their sexual and drug use behaviors and attitudes toward practicing safe sex with Asian masseuses. Uribe-SalasĬopyright © 2014 Tooru Nemoto et al. Tooru Nemoto,1 Mariko Iwamoto,1 Elnaz Eilkhani,1 Maria Sakata,1 Mai Nhung Le,2 and Anne Morris3ġ Public Health Institute, 55512th Street, Suite 290, Oakland, CA 94607, USAĢ San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USAģ Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USAĬorrespondence should be addressed to Tooru Nemoto Received 7 November 2013 Accepted 14 January 2014 Published 4 March 2014 Academic Editors: B. Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Infectious Diseases Volume 2014, Article ID 934839, 9 pages Ĭontexts of HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Male Customers at Asian Massage Parlors in San Francisco